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supershear earthquake
A supershear earthquake is an earthquake in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity. This causes an effect analogous to a sonic boom.〔(A century after the 1906 earthquake, geophysicists revisit 'The Big One' and come up with a new model, Press release, Stanford University )〕
==Rupture propagation velocity==
During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the 2008 Sichuan and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquakes). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of Rayleigh waves, approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity.〔(Broberg,K.B. 1996. How fast can a crack go?. Materials Science, 32, 80-86 )〕 However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and compressional wave (P-wave) values have been reported for several earthquakes〔Archuleta,R.J. 1984. (A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake ), J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4559–4585.〕〔Ellsworth,W.L. & Celebi,M. 1999. Near Field Displacement Time Histories of the M 7.4 Kocaeli (Izimit), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Am. Geophys. Union, Fall
Meeting Suppl. 80, F648.〕 in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.〔Okubo, P. G. (1989). Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12321-12335〕〔(Rosakis,A.J., Samudrala,O. & Coker,D. 1999. Cracks Faster than the Shear Wave Speed. Science, 284. no. 5418, pp. 1337 - 1340 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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